Meiji restoration Essay Example for Free

Meiji restoration Essay Military: In 1872 the Japanese military started to use conscription. This is same as drafting in the U.S.A. All conscripts had to serve a three year period in military service, after which they were put to reserves for four years. This system was introduced by Yamagata Aritomo, and the next year this same man set up the Japanese Imperial army. He favored and used the army style of Germany, and the naval style of the British. Some years later the Samurai system was abolished totally Some Samurai were so upset, that they started a revolt. Economic: The Bakufu was ended on 1868. In 1871 the Daimyos were also dismissed, their land redistributed into smaller parts Unlike the samurai, the Daimyo received a large pension to compensate the loss of their land. In 1872 there was a land redistribution program. This was to become a more solid method than the previous system which relied totally on the price of rice A straight 3% tax was levied on the land. The government also started to sell industries which used to make Military hardware to the private buyersThese people later grew to become the Zaibatsu, which could be described as big industrial empires controlled by one family. Political: Feudalism in Japan was completely abolished during Meiji rule. Like most of Japan, also the parliament was altered heavily. Japanese government sent Ito Hirobumi to study the European parliament systems, and he especially favored the one of Britain. So the Japanese parliament, Diet, is based on the British parliament. It consists of Prime minister, upper and lower house. Hirobumi himself became the first prime minister and the upper house was made of the former nobility and the Daimyos. The lower house was chosen by the people. Also a privy council was set up to protect and review  the constitution, its sessions were lead by the Emperor Meiji himself Social:In 1872 it was ordered that all children, boys and girls both, were to attend primary school for six years. After this the girls would go home and learn more about life from their mothers, when some of the more successful boys on the other hand were allowed to go and study in a high school and then to universityExtremely high standards were expected, as students also had to learn a foreign language.

Poverty and Social Justice

Poverty and Social Justice Abstract This paper looks into the issue of poverty and social justice. The paper shows the contribution of poverty to social injustice. This is done by examining a social organization which fights poverty. This paper examines the City Team Ministry one of the many organizations which is helping to reduce poverty. The beneficiaries of the organization are interviewed to shed light on the issues of poverty. The questions used in guiding the interview are appended. SECTION I City Team Ministries was started by Lester and Pauline Meyers in 1957. It began as a feeding program. Four years later it expanded to include women in its feeding program and still later in 1069 merged with another ministry to bring on board homeless and troubled youths. In 1983 it changed its name San Jose Rescue Mission to City Team. In 1987 the churches in Philadelphia invited the City team to start national expansion to the East Coast. This was to serve the greater Delaware valley. The City Team Ministry records that this was the period that the full long term recovery program for men was started. Further the website claims there were continued increase in the number of the children and women who suffered from abuse, addiction, crisis pregnancy, abandonment and homelessness. To bring on board the women and children the city team ministry launched three programs three programs: heritage home and house of grace in San Jose and well baby program Philadelphia. The programs caused a l ot of changes in the lives of the women ands children (City Team 2010). The City Team International was launched in 1997 in an effort to broaden the City Team. In 2007 the name was changed to New Generations International. The New Generations International is specifically concern with training, equipping and coaching national leaders in 38 countries. This division cares people through the provision of compassionate services such food, clean water, education and medical services (City Team, 2010). The City Team Ministry has a disaster response team which started in 1989. The first beneficiaries of this team were the victims of the Loma earthquake. Afterwards the team has responded to and sheltered the victims of the Hurricane Katrina and the tsunami in 2004. Since 2005 the response team has developed a four phase framework specializing in the long term recovery of communities affected by the major disasters (City Team, 2010). The mission statement of the ministry is, In obedience to Christ, passionately transforming individuals, their families and communities throughout the world (City Team Ministry para. 4). The programs which are offered by the organization are as follows: rescue missions, mens recovery programs, youth outreach, family programs and church advancement. These programs will be explained in a detailed way in the course of the paper (City Team, 2010). Section II I carried out an interview on clients served by the City Team Ministry. The interview was carried out after obtaining permission from the ministry authorities. Six classes of people were interviewed one from each program offered by the City Team Ministry. The fist person interviewed was a beneficiary of the rescue mission. This program is designed to offer a hot meal and a safe nights sleep. The program offers temporary emergency care to the homeless. A young man who had just been released from prison was one of those beneficiaries of this program who was interviewed. He has an Islamic background and was headed to the streets after being released but bounced into the agents of the ministry who enrolled him in the program. For the sake of this paper he will be called 1A. The second person to be interviewed (2B) was a black man an addict of drugs. He was a beneficiary of the men recovery program. He was not homeless but had been driven to the streets after being left by his wife who was the bread winner. The man in desperation turned to abuse of drugs. The program agents enrolled him in the program and slowly he was making some progress in recovering from drug use. The third interview was carried out on a group of street kids. These kids had an arrangement with the City Team Ministry whereby they met every Saturday and Wednesday. In the meetings they hold bible discussions and are groomed to become better citizens. These kids operate under the youth outreach program. Some of the have already being taken off the streets and are attending schools. The kids are of various backgrounds. The fourth interview was carried out on a family which is a beneficiary of the family program. This program offers basic needs like clothes to the families which can not afford the basic needs and view them as luxuries. The last person interviewed was a lady around the age of thirty who had been abused and was pregnant. She was taken in under the womens programs where she was taken care of through her pregnancy.   Section III This section presents the results of the interviews carried out above. The interviews were guided by the questions appended in the appendix. The interviews focused on how the clients have experienced social injustice as a result of poverty. Through the interview it was also possible to assess how the macro conditions of the society may have impacted upon the poverty experienced by the clients. Person 1A: Education The first interview carried out on person 1A who had just been released from the prison having been charged with mugging. He was a sharp young man aged 27 years who answered the questions succinctly though he was well educated having just attended the elementary level education. He could not continue with studies because he could no longer depend on his family which actually needed his help for sustenance. He therefore pulled out of school to help his  Ã‚   family meet the basic needs of life. Education which is a basic had turned out to be a luxury for him. This is one incident which clearly shows how poverty can easily cut short and change basic needs like education into a luxury irrespective of whether one is willing to continue studies or not. Some macro condition of the society can equally contribute to making the access of these basic services a challenge (Kirst-Ashman, 2008). According to the National Academic Press (2001), The U.S. system of education finance is characterized by large disparities in funding and opportunities (National Academic Press para 1). This disparity makes attaining education in some region to be expensive. Expensive education coupled with poverty makes education almost unattainable. The property tax is basically used to sponsor the education at the district level. This means that a poor district will equally be unable to fund its schools leading to disparity in education among the districts. Another macro environment factor which may contribute to insufficiency education and therefore poverty is the attitude of some communities. Education is not taken seriously by some people especially in regions which have large numbers of poor inhabitants (National Academic Press, 2001). Person 1B: Medical Care The second person to be interviewed is labeled person 1B. This man was a victim of depression which led him to drug abuse. He had part ways with his wife who used to provide for the family and could not take care of himself therefore resorting to the streets. He looked as a man who was well built before. Before joining the men recovery program with the City Team Ministry he could not afford medical care being unemployed. He was sick on several occasions as he narrated but could not afford medical care. From the interview, the main reason he gave for not getting something casual job to work on was his ailing status. He also made claims that he could not secure a job in his status of health. The interview with person 1B brings into limelight the issue of the access to health insurance. Health insurance is only accessible by those who are employed. Once ones job is no more and being not in position to submit the required periodical premiums the coverage is frozen and attaining medical care becomes hard. With the exception of such programs as Medicare and Medicaid it becomes extremely hard for the poor people to access medical care facilities (Cellini, McKernan Ratcliffe, 2008).   Street Youths: This was the third interview which carried out. Some street kids who are beneficiaries of the youth outreach program volunteered to give information about their lives and the program they were enrolled in. The program offers a combination of youth activities and mentorship to youth especially those who are affected by the street ways of life such as drugs. From the interview carried out it was found out that the youths mostly lacked a source of direction and mentorship. Most of the youths interviewed under this interview group were willing to work on any casual job. A close cross examination showed that they lacked the presentation skills which would be quite necessary if they were to win the confidence of those they would work for. Under this interview some macro conditions came into play (Kirst-Ashman, 2008). The first which was quite noticeable was the community. Some employers are likely to avoid employing individuals from some communities because of stereotypes which might be associated with them. For instance not all employers will be willing the street youths work for fears that they may steal from the workplace and cause some kind of conflict. The youths were mentored on presentation skills through the program offered by City Team Ministry. Family The fourth interview was carried out on a family which is a beneficiary of the family programs. This program is designed to help poor families have an access to basic necessities. This is done in form of giving the families quality second hand appliances, clothes and furniture. This has gone a long way to raise the standard of living of the families in the family programs. The family which were interviewed were able to live a comfortable life and invest money businesses which they could have spend buying the basic home necessities. Having a comfortable home environment is a basic for a family to concentrate on developing itself. This is quite significant especially for the parents who wish to see their children having a smooth life. From the family interview it was realized that children in a comfortable family set up are less likely to fall sick and have a potential of performing better in the schools. This interview implicated that comfort at homes is a necessity which is vital in helping families fight poverty in by creating peace of mind. This helps the family members to maximally concentrate in their duties.    Abused Lady The last interview was on a lady who was an orphan staying with uncle. The uncle sexually abused her for some times after which she decided to run away after learning about the women programs at the City Team Ministry. During the interview the lady appeared tormented by the acts of her uncle. She could not report the uncle to the police because she dependent on him for the payment of her college fee. When she could not bear it any more she run way terminating her studies and later realized that she was pregnant. The interview brought to surface the social injustice which silently takes place without anybody being aware of them. In this case poverty created a forum which an elderly person advantage of and exploited a young person. Poverty could not allow the lady to report the person for fear that she could lose her college sponsorship. Section IV This section will look at the issues of poverty at large. According to Anup Shah (2009) the poverty is caused by both individuals and governments. He examines this in a global perspective. He starts by analyzing the causes at individual levels. Being lazy and making poor decisions are the two reasons he gives which contribute to poverty. This is true but the he fails to talk about the victims of circumstances who find being born in poor families where despite any wise decisions made it takes a lot time to escape poverty. This happens to most of the children born in the ghettos of America. They start life with no basic education and nothing as a heritance. With no education and no money wise decision almost become a vague idea though not in most cases. Street musicians have been known to rise from dust but it should be noted that this may not happen to everybody born in the street (Anup Shah 2009). Anup Shah (2009) also brings in the issue of the corruption and unwise government policies. Corruption is predominantly responsible for poverty in the third world countries. In the U.S. government decision may make some region poor. For instance the federal government should come in to aid those districts which are in a position to support their own schools (Anup 2009). NCLB Act is one way the federal government is doing that but there should be more efforts to ensure that all the school age going kids are included especially in   the poor regions. The government should adapt a friendly way of drug war techniques. Instead of just hundreds of youths to prisons they should find a way keeping these youths busy (Cellini McKernan Ratcliffe, 2008). Conclusion Poverty and social injustice are two issues which seem to go hand in hand. Poverty creates a gate for many social injustices to be committed. This is so because poverty seems to handcuff the power of the people involved from shouting and demanding for their rights. Despite the many non governmental organizations which are fighting poverty across America, t he government has a responsibility in changing some of its policies which seem to foster poverty. References Anup, S. (2009). Causes of Poverty. Retrieved on February 4, 2010 from: http://www.globalissues.org/issue/2/causes-of-poverty Cellini, S, McKernan, S. Ratcliffe C. (2008). The Dynamics of Poverty in the United States: A review of data, methods, and findings. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 27(3), 577-605. City Team. (2010). City Team Ministry. Retrieved on 4th February, 2010 from: http://www.cityteam.org/about/programs/ Kirst-Ashman, K. (2008). Human Behavior, Communities, Organizations Groups in the Macro Social Environment: An Empowerment Approach (2nd Ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Thomson. Kissane, R. (2008). Teaching and Learning Guide for: Assessing Welfare Reform, Over a Decade Later, Sociology Compass 2(3), 1115-1126. National Academic Press. (2001). Equity and Adequacy in Education Finance. Retrieved on February 4, 2010 from: http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=6166page=1 Appendix (interview questions) 1st interview (to person 1A) Do you view education as basic need? Given a sponsorship can you go back to school? How do you think would you be if your family had enough money? What could you have avoided if you had enough money? 2nd interview (to person 2B) Give us your story? How has the men recovery program helped you? What do you think has kept you in poverty 3rd interview (to the street youths) What are doing to get out of your current situation? How have you benefitted from the youth outreach program? 4th interview (family) How is the family program helping you to fight poverty? 5th interview (abused lady) Why did you give in to be abused?

Elective Cesarean Section Procedure Health And Social Care Essay

Elective Cesarean Section Procedure Health And Social Care Essay Cesarean sections, once performed to save the life of mother or baby, are now offered as an elective procedure. Women choose elective cesarean sections in the belief that the surgery is safe and vaginal birth poses risk of harm to themselves or their child. A look at studies and literature shows that these unwanted consequences of vaginal delivery result from the aggressive management of labor by obstetricians. Rather than resorting to major surgery, a return to the midwifery model of care will benefit mother and babies in low-risk pregnancies. Elective Cesarean Section Once reserved as a procedure of last resort to save the life of mother or baby, cesarean section (CS) surgery is now offered as an elective procedure to mothers who wish to avoid the experience of labor and delivery. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) published a committee opinion in November 2003 supporting the permissibility of elective cesarean delivery in a normal pregnancy, after adequate informed consent(American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists [ACOG], p. 1101). Women may choose this option in the belief that circumventing vaginal delivery preserves the integrity of their pelvic floor, or provides better outcomes for their children. Although some believe birth by elective cesarean section (ECS) is preferable to vaginal birth, it can be shown that in low-risk pregnancies, vaginal birth is safer for both mother and baby. Supporters of ECS believe vaginal delivery results in damage to the pelvic floor, which may lead to urinary incontinence (UI), anal incontinence, sexual dysfunction, or pelvic organ prolapsed (Nygaard Cruikshank, 2003). There are studies that support this belief. In one study of primiparous women twenty-six percent had incontinence at six months postpartum, the rate being lowest with elective cesarean (five percent), higher with cesarean during labour (twelve percent), higher still following a spontaneous vaginal birth (twenty-two percent) and highest following a vaginal forceps delivery (thirty-three percent) (Hannah, 2004, p. 813). The physicians that champion the cause of ECS and the women who buy into their sales pitch for ECS believe they are preventing this damage. However, an ECS may not guarantee prevention of pelvic floor damage, and its benefits are at best short-term. Some women who undergo ECS suffer from incontinence, suggesting pregnancy itself, along with hereditary indications, are risk factors (Leeman, 2005; Nygaard Cruikshank, 2003). Other studies indicate there are no significant differences between the vaginal birth and CS groups at two years postpartum (Goer, 2001). Buschsbaum, Chin, Glantz, and Guzick (2002) found no significant differences exist in the prevalence of UI between nulliparous and parous women after menopause. Before we point the finger at the natural process of vaginal delivery as the cause of this pelvic floor damage, we should look at the interventions that may cause these problems. Goer (2001) suggests obstetric interventions of second stage labor, not vaginal birth, causes damage to the pelvic floor. Obstetric management such as episiotomies, forceps and vacuum extractions, dorsal lithotomy position, and the Valsalva maneuver may be the cause of the pelvic floor compromise the ECS supporters are concerned about. Goer suggests using upright positions for pushing, following the patients natural urges to push, and elimination of routine episiotomies to decrease the damage to the pelvic floor. If she is correct, and alterations in routine obstetric care remove the concern of pelvic floor damage, then the safety of the baby becomes the cry of ECS supporters. The ECS supporters argue the safety issue with multiple claims for the protective value of skipping labor and vaginal delivery. They claim we can preemptively protect the fetus by CS prior to the onset of labor. This protection can include: the reduction of stillbirth related to post-maturity, damage from oxygen deprivation secondary to cord compression during labor and delivery, and birth trauma related to use of forceps or vacuum extraction (Armson, 2007). For mothers with medical conditions or the compromised fetus, a scheduled CS is a valid option. However, labor and vaginal delivery is a natural, generally safe, process, not something from which the low-risk fetus needs protection. Those opposed to ECS believe risks to the infant from vaginal birth are minimal and adverse fetal outcomes rare, however, we may be increasing risks due to unnecessary obstetrical interventions during labor and birth. For the low-risk patient, the increase in maternal morbidity and mortality (Armson, 2007) resulting from major surgery does not justify the possibility of preventing the rare adverse fetal outcome. Better screening of those patients at risk will properly identify those patients who would legitimately benefit from surgery. Similar to the suggestion that obstetric management causes damage to the mothers pelvic floor, Goer (2001) argues that obstetric interventions also put the baby at risk. In first stage labor these interventions include pitocin augmentation and artificial rupture of membranes. In second stage labor, the same interventions that injure the mother, such as forceps, vacuum extraction, and sustained Valsalva maneuver, cause trauma for the infant. She suggest s patience, gentle management of labor and delivery, and respect for mothers natural pushing ability to reduce injury to the infant. Vaginal delivery with minimal interventions does not need to be feared. Despite improvements in the safety of CS over the years, vaginal birth remains safer than a CS for both mother and baby in low-risk pregnancies. In contrast to ACOGs committee opinion, The American College of Nurse-Midwives Identifies vaginal birth as the optimal mode of birth for women and their babies and this practice [cesarean section] is not supported by scientific evidence (American College of Nurse-Midwives, 2005). Cesarean sections carry significant risks to mother, baby, and interfere with the mother-baby dyad. Short term, vaginal birth is the safest choice for low-risk women, eliminating many of the complications inherent to a CS as listed by Armson (2007): The overall risk of severe maternal morbidity was 3.1 times that in the planned vaginal delivery group, including increased risks of postpartum cardiac arrest, wound hematoma, hysterectomy, major puerperal infection, anesthetic complications, venous thromboembolism and hemorrhage requiring hysterectomy . . . hemorrhage requiring transfusion, hysterectomy and uterine rupture; intensive care admission; and postpartum readmission to hospital (p. 475). Women who birth vaginally face fewer complications, leave the hospital quicker, and have a shorter recovery time (Hannah, 2004). The benefits of vaginal birth are not limited to the immediate period of birth and postpartum. The choice between vaginal and CS impact the entire range of a womans childbearing years. Future labors tend to be shorter for women who birth vaginally. Their deliveries are quicker, and they are less likely to need a CS in the future. In comparison, internal scar tissue and adhesions following a CS increases risk factors for future pregnancies, independent of the future method of delivery (Leeman, 2006). These risks include: infertility; ectopic pregnancy; miscarriage; placenta abnormalities such as placenta previa or placenta acretia; [and] complications of repeat cesarean birth (Armson, 2007, p. 475). Women with placental abnormities face higher maternal mortality and morbidity rates (Lyerly Schwartz, 2004), as well as an increased need for hysterectomies (Armson, 2007). Primary cesarean birth is also associated with increased risks in subsequent pregnancies of preterm delivery, low birth weight, stillbirth and neonatal death (Armson, 2007, p. 476). The mothers choices regarding mode of delivery have long reaching effects for herself, as well as the child that she carries. Vaginal birth is also the safest choice for babies, as they avoid many of the neonatal complications which follow pre-labor CS. These risks include: respiratory problems, persistent pulmonary hypertension, asphyxia, delayed neurologic adaptation and neonatal intensive care admission (Armson, 2007, p. 476). Many et al. (2006) suggest that the mechanism of labor benefits the babys respiratory system. Other complications CS babies face are iatrogenic prematurity (Lyerly Schwartz, 2004), and lacerations or other neonatal trauma during surgery (Armson, 2007). Babies born by CS also face long term health risks; they are more likely to develop asthma, diabetes, food allergies and obesity than vaginally born children (Steer, 2009). The benefits to the mother and the baby as individuals also benefit the mother-baby unit. Finally, mother-baby couplets benefit from a vaginal birth in multiple ways. The natural hormonal rush which occurs in labor prepares a woman for breastfeeding and facilitates bonding. Women who birth vaginally have less discomfort and shorter recovery times following birth and are thus better able to care for, and bond with, their babies. This enhances mother-baby interaction and supports babys emotional development. Breastfeeding rates are higher and depression rates are lower following vaginal birth (International Cesarean Awareness Network, 2008). These benefits extend long term; they establish the foundation of the lifetime mother-child relationship. The decision to give birth by CS greatly affects mother, baby, and future pregnancies and should not be offered electively as if it were a minor cosmetic surgery. The benefits of ECS compared to vaginal birth have not been proven, and the risks are substantial to not just one, but two (or more) patients. Women may fear labor. Birth attendants may fear legal risks from adverse fetal outcomes. These fears do not indicate that womens bodies are incapable of birthing; rather, they indicate the failure of obstetric management of labor. We should not base our decisions on fear or faulty research. We should address the concerns of ECS proponents raise. We need to conduct more research into prevention of pelvic floor damage. The American College of Nurse-Midwives (2005) offers the follow guidelines: Supports womens right to accurate, balanced and complete information regarding the risks and benefits of both vaginal birth and cesarean section. Promotes decision-making about mode of delivery that is evidence based and not unduly influenced by factors such as liability, convenience or economics. Supports further research to evaluate the short and long-term medical, psychosocial, economic and cultural sequelae for mothers, babies, including future pregnancies associated with elective primary cesarean section. As birth attendants follow these guidelines, women will be empowered to make informed decisions about their care. These decisions affect the physical and emotional health of these women and their children for a lifetime. We have an obligation to manage birth in a manner that causes the least harm to mother while providing the best outcome for babies.

Summit for hire? :: essays research papers

The day after Univ. of Tennessee’s Pat Summit eclipsed North Carolina’s Dean Smith for most career wins by a Division I Head Basketball Coach some suggested that she would be a good choice to lead the Vols' men's squad. UT has since hired a male coach. Yet we are still left with the question of whether Summit should be considered for, or accept any such job. The 800-pound gorilla in this argument is whether Summit deserves to lay claim to the title as "all-time winningest Division I basketball coach." In a purely statistical sense, she does. But comparing the women's and men's games is like comparing, well, women and men. They're completely different. Sadaharu Oh hit more home runs than Hank Aaron, but nobody would say the two men are comparable, since Oh played in Japan, and Aaron played in the U.S. John Gagliardi won more football games than Bobby Bowden. Again, a difference: Gagliardi coached in Division III, while Bowden spent most of his time in the I-A rank. And Summit has more wins than Smith. But we're talking about two different sports. Not better or worse, different. Smith is the men's wins champion, and Summit holds the women's title; two different sports, two different leaders. The reason Summit shouldn't consider taking the men's job is that she could end up damaging the women's game by doing so. She is a giant in her sport, the most successful coach ever and the builder of the program every other school wants to emulate. If she were to take over the UT men's team and not win big, there would be joy among those who consider women's college basketball inferior. Summit has never recruited men's players. She would have to build a new network of high school and AAU contacts to help funnel her players. She would have to deal with prep stars who believe their next dribble should be for NBA millions, not collegiate glory. That doesn't exist (yet) in the women's game. And she would face the challenge of convincing families and players that playing for a woman is no different than playing for a man. Fail to do any of that, and Summit won't get the players to compete at the highest level. And if she doesn't win -- and win big -- she will be viewed by many as the queen of the minor leagues who failed at her shot in â€Å"the bigs.

Comparing Hinduism and Buddhism Essay -- Compare Contrast

Comparing Hinduism and Buddhism While Hinduism and Buddhism come from the same cultural backgrounds, they are extremely diverse in their beliefs on afterlife, deity, and rituals. Both religions believe in reincarnation, but it is where an individual goes after he or she gets off the endless cycle that differs. These religions also part when it comes to whom they do or do not worship. Every religion comes with rituals and Hinduism and Buddhism are no exceptions. Hindu followers have no doubt they go to moksha after they accomplish redemption, but Buddhists believe that the main goal is to achieve nirvana in the afterlife. A Hindu can conquer redemption by living a life of asceticism. After becoming a Sadhu, or holy man, and renouncing all material possessions they are able to be one wit...

How do the opening chapters serve as an affective introduction to the rest of the novel?

The opening chapters of Wuthering Heights help give us an insight to the rest of the novel. We are able to start to think about foreshadowing events that might occur during the rest of the novel such as love and anger. The opening chapters are the most important in any novel or story, this is because they often help to set the scene, they introduce us to the main characters and give us a little insight in to what might happen during the rest of the novel. The beginning chapters of Wuthering Heights are like any other novel in terms of introducing to us the setting, characters and foreshadowing main themes. Emily Bronte lets us explore the settings around Wuthering Heights, which enables her to set the scene and enables us to visualise it more clearly. She has cleverly chosen a secluded place to home her characters on as it is a remote and desolate place and therefore the characters are thrust upon each other as they have no where else to go in the months of the snow. We do not explore a variety of settings during the novel, as she has restricted the places in which she explores, this means we get to know very little about the outside world and it enables the reader to see exactly how restricted and secluded the area actually is. By keeping the settings to a minimal it adds to the feeling of intensity. Thrush cross grange and Penistant Crag are the only settings explored in Wuthering Heights. The settings may seem irrelevant to a reader at first, but as the novel progresses they play an important part as they reflect the character personalities especially the linkage with Heathcliff and Wuthering Heights. An example of a linkage between the two is that they both lack positive welcoming vibes. This is shown in the house by ‘no signs of roasting, boiling, or baking, about the huge fireplace'. This can give us the impression that the house is not a very homely place and we also get a hunch from the quotes ‘Straggeling gooseberry bushes' and ‘bleak hill top' ‘black frost' ‘made me shiver through every limb' that even the scenery does not seem welcoming. This is as the gooseberry bushes represent thorns trying to warn away any sort of visitors for example Lockwood. The atmospheric scenery is also not a friendly, pleasant, warm and welcoming but a dark, rough, miserable atmosphere. Similarly this is shown in Heathcliff by ‘I don't keep accommodation for visitors' this gives us the impression that he is not welcoming to guests and that he does not attempt to make any effort. Another example of inhospitality from Heathcliff's side is ‘†¦ ould you spare me one? ‘ ‘No I could not. ‘ This shows how unwelcoming Heathcliff is and how his character can relate to the settings. This is a very clever way to introduce Heathcliff and the house to us because indirectly Bronte has given us many similarities between the two, and if we did not know that he was the owner we would be able to automatically assume that he was as quotes such as ‘Black eyes withdrawn so suspiciously under their brows' which is descri bing Heathcliff. Contradicting with' heavy black ones lurking in the shade' which is describing the house contemplate with each other. We also see that there is a distinctive contrast between Wuthering heights and Thrush cross Grange Wuthering heights is a dull, boring place where no fun or leisure takes place whilst Thrush cross grange is full of laughter, music and dancing this is also reflected into the people living at these houses because the Earnshaws who live at Wuthering heights are strong, willed and dark and the Linton's at thrush cross grange are clam, gentle and kind. In chapter one we get the impression that later on in the novel Heathcliff may have a connection with the theme on violence and anger this is because of the objects in the house which are described ‘villainous old guns, and a couple of horse pistols'. This tells us that some one who possesses such items may be a fierce person or the opposite so a coward, but judging from the tone and the manner that Heathcliff's character portrays to us in the beginning chapters it is more likely that he is going to be a fierce character and the guns may show a sign of control or power within the character himself. Uttered so savagely' †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ‘The tone†¦. revealed such a bad nature'. Bronte has also linked other events in the beginning chapters with the theme of violence such as the ghost supposedly Catherine Linton, who comes to Lockwood ‘let me in, let me in' ‘rubbed it to and fro till blood ran down' these quotes tell us that the novel defiantly contains more images and expanded themes on violence which could lead to a dramatic ending. The theme of brutality and violence is dwelled upon even further as the novel prolongs. The incident with the dogs and Lockwood is an example of violence ‘broke in a fury and jumped on my knees' and the incident with Heathcliff and Cathy ‘clenched his fist with every appearance of a meditated assault. ‘ We are able to get an idea into what themes may be used in this novel and at the same time we are able to find out more about the character by their actions taken. Heathcliff is not the only character that is introduced to us in the beginning chapters, but we are also introduced to Lockwood. We are introduced to Lockwood as the narrator, but Bronte has cleverly disguised it is him speaking until the middle of the page. This could be because she wants us to get an impression that Lockwood is going to be a character who is never a part of things ‘ I began to feel unmistakably out of place', but always in the lives of others. We also learn that Lockwood is a bit waffled he likes to speak a lot of nonsense and puts his foot in it at times ‘a beautiful animal' ‘unlikely a pile of dead rabbits' this could mean that Lockwood is going to be someone who can never be taken seriously and we are forced to make our own judgments on things as he can not be trusted so say or think right. Lockwood is a significant character as we get to learn about Catherine through him we learn that Catherine is going to play a major part in the novel too, as she is introduced into the novel not as an actual person, but as a ghost, a spirit. This again can be linked back to the theme of death, violence and haunting. The way that Catherine is introduced to us makes us speculate on why she is coming to haunt the place and especially why to Lockwood as we already know that she is or was a real character when Lockwood finds her diary ‘ took a form of a regular diary'. When Catherine is introduced Bronte refers to negative cold descriptions such as ‘icy cold hand' and ‘shiverlingly'. These images could relate to Catherine's character and it could resemble her. Again, Bronte may want to indirectly inform us of what her character is likely to be and from these descriptions it tells us that Catherine is going to be a cold hearted character and someone who does not care about anyone else apart from herself. ‘Though everybody hated and despised each other, they could not avoid loving me' this tells us how self-centered Catherine may be. The introduction to Catherine was an effective and interesting way as it enables Bronte to make the readers imaginations run wild and it keeps them reading on as they want to find out why Catherine is now a ghost and why she has come back to haunt the house. During the opening few chapters we are also introduced to another character who is Hareton. We do not learn a great deal about Hareton in the opening few chapters, but we are introduced to his appearance ‘thick brown curls were rough and uncultivated' ‘hands were embrowned' Hareton's presence in the beginning chapters is vital as it creates a relationship triangle with himself, Heathcliff and Catherine and we are soon very confused with Lockwood to how each of them are related to one and other. You're amiable lady' ‘my amiable lady! ‘ ‘Not my son assuredly'. Emily Bronte has purposely added Hareton to show the first signs of confusion among characters and this confusing relationship triangle is carried on throughout the novel such as the love triangle between Edgar Linton, Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff where both men loved one woman and she was torn between wealth. We are also faced with many clues into foreshadowing future events that might develop as the novel progresses. The ideas are hidden and the reader will only be able to find them if they take the events further and think about what the symbolism may be in the rest of the novel. We touch upon the theme of love and passion in the first few chapters we see signs that the novel is going to be based on love ‘come in' ‘oh do once more my hearts darling' the way that Bronte has written this part feels so passionate that we instantly get the feeling that a big part of the novel will contain feelings of love, but we also know that it will not be so straight forward there will be complications. We can tell this from the connection with the ghost, the ghost represents something from the dead and it makes the reader feel at unease and have a sensation of something not being true or right this can be portrayed in the novel such as Heathcliffs and Catherine love at the beginning, but Catherine soon become tied with Edgar and ends up marring him or Heathcliff's and Isabella's marriage, Heathcliff only married her so he can get back at Edgar but Isabella's intentions were true. All these are signs of love existing in one place or another but it is problematic twist somewhere in-between that love, such as death, separation, jealousy, cruelty or neglect. I have already mentioned before the fact that violence and brutality will also be linked into the rest of the novel and the clues that we are given for that are the guns and the way that Heathcliff seems to snap and his actions at times reflects anger with in him. Heathcliff lifted his hand' ‘speaker sprang to a distance'. We can also link the theme of violence with Heathcliff and Hindley. Bronte has made sure that she has informed us of a conflict that went on between two of the characters, and after reading about this it enables us to predict that as the novel develops the conflict between Hindely and Heathcliff will continue until one will win. ‘†¦ Heathcliff went to loose the beat'†¦ Hindely knocked him to his feet' this shows how we see violence and conflict between the two characters at an early stage in the novel. These are really the main themes that Bronte has introduced us to as she has given us quite a lot of information in the opening chapters to make us carry on reading to find out what happens she has provided us with little bits of the story on what happens so that we get a taste to what are the main ideas that will be explored through the novel. The language in the novel changes in the opening few chapters as Bronte approaches the flash back, there is a contrast between the way that Bronte presents Lockwood, and the way he speaks and the way that Nelly dean speaks. Emily Bronte has used a contrast in characters as narrators so that we as the reader can now be more certain that Lockwood's views are unreliable ‘it's swarming with ghost and goblins'. His views can not be taken seriously as we could say did he really see a ghost? This is because we get an account that he was dreaming before so the ghost could also been apart of his dream. Bronte makes Nelly Dean speak she gets straight to the point, on the other hand Lockwood's character would take the space of fifty words to mean one thing for example take these two quotes ‘one fine summer morning' compared with ‘the first feathery flakes of the snow shower'. Emily Bronte shows a distinctive difference in the two characters, this is a technique that she has used so that is forces us to believe everything that Nelly Dean will say in the flash back as she is the only character who was present all throughout the time when the conflicts, deaths, fights and marriages took place between the two families the Earnshaws and the Linton's therefore we have only one side of the story to believe and Emily Bronte has made Nelly Dean convincing enough for us to believe her. As we read further into the novel we are faced with a letter from Isabella ‘ I got a long letter', Emily Bronte's idea to add a letter was very effective as we are able to get another narrator in the novel. This provides us with more information into what Wuthering heights is like ‘An untidy, dingy hole' and what life with Heathcliff is like ‘promised me that I should be Edgar's proxy in suffering'. After re-reading the first few chapters of Wuthering heights I realised that the beginning chapters served as an affective introduction to the rest of the novel. This is because Emily Bronte has indirectly given us information towards forth-coming themes and she has given information into some of the main characters which will appear in the novel. She has also given a clue about the atmospheric settings and where the characters are homed. I think that the main reason to why Emily Bronte may have written a novel like this one is due to the social and historical influences she came across during the 1800. Emily Bronte grew up in a very isolated place herself so there are personal references reflected in the novel such as the emphasis on the intensity of the settings. Also as Emily Bronte lived in a very isolated place she was not touched directly by the industrial revolution this is probably why she did not base her novel on relevant social issues such as authors like Charles Dickens and Jane Austin who did. I also think that the period of time that she wrote this novel in has reflected in some of her characters. In the 1800 women were seen as being ‘degraded to their husbands', I think that this has affected the way that Bronte has written the novel as she has made the women in this novel to not obey and do what ever their husbands say, but to have a mind of their own like Catherine. Later on in the novel we see that Catherine's character is of a strong headed and powerful woman. She has also given more importance to the women in this novel for example if you look at Nelly Dean, she is the narrator. Nelly Deans character has a very important part to play in this novel as without her present in all the events that have took place between the two families their would be no one to tell us what happened apart from Joseph. But again you can see that Bronte has made Nelly Dean a woman to tell the story and not a Joseph who is a man. So many aspects have influenced the writer Emily Bronte into creating such a novel that astonished everyone. Many people were astonished by the topics she wrote about and many were astonished at her work. Over all the first few chapters of the novel have created the base for our knowledge to expand and run wild on, Emily Bronte has made sure that she has included the most bizarre and unique events in the beginning so that it make us the reader carry on with the novel. Her technique has worked and the novel only gets better from the first chapters.

My work2 Essay

INTERACTION WITH ENVIRONMENT The earliest civilizations formed on fertile river plains. These lands faced challenges, such as seasonal flooding and a limited growing area. Geography What rivers helped sustain the four river valley civilizations? POWER AND AUTHORITY Projects such as irrigation systems required leadership and laws—the beginnings of organized government. In some societies, priests controlled the first governments. In others, military leaders and kings ruled. Geography Look at the time line and the map. In which empire and river valley area was the first code of laws developed? SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Early civilizations developed bronze tools, the wheel, the sail, the plow, writing, and mathematics. These innovations spread through trade, wars, and the movement of peoples. Geography Which river valley civilization was the most isolated? What factors contributed to that isolation? INTERNET RESOURCES †¢ Interactive Maps †¢ Interactive Visuals †¢ Interactive Primary Sources 26 Go to classzone.com for: †¢ Research Links †¢ Maps †¢ Internet Activities †¢ Test Practice †¢ Primary Sources †¢ Current Events †¢ Chapter Quiz 27 Why do communities need laws? The harvest has failed and, like many others, you have little to eat. There are animals in the temple, but they are protected by law. Your cousin decides to steal one of the pigs to feed his family. You believe that laws should not be broken and try to persuade him not to steal the pig. But he steals the pig and is caught. The law of the Babylonian Empire—Hammurabi’s Code—holds people responsible for their actions. Someone who steals from the temple must repay 30 times the cost of the stolen item. Because your cousin is unable to pay this fine, he is sentenced to death. You begin to wonder whether there are times when laws should be broken. 1 The Babylonian ruler Hammurabi, accompanied by his judges, sentences Mummar to death. 2 A scribe records the proceedings against Mummar. 3 Mummar pleads for mercy. EXAM I N I NG the  ISSU ES †¢ What should be the main purpose of laws: to promote good behavior or to punish bad behavior? †¢ Do all communities need a system of laws to guide them? Hold a class debate on these questions. As you prepare for the debate, think about what you have leaned about the changes that take place as civilizations grow and become more complex. As you read about the growth of civilization in this chapter, consider why societies developed systems of laws. 28 Chapter 2 1 City-States in Mesopotamia MAIN IDEA INTERACTION WITH ENVIRONMENT The earliest civilization in Asia arose in Mesopotamia and organized into city-states. WHY IT MATTERS NOW The development of this civilization reflects a settlement pattern that has occurred repeatedly throughout history. TERMS & NAMES †¢ Fertile Crescent †¢ Mesopotamia †¢ city-state †¢ dynasty †¢ cultural diffusion †¢ polytheism †¢ empire †¢ Hammurabi SETTING THE STAGE Two rivers flow from the mountains of what is now Turkey, down through Syria and Iraq, and finally to the Persian Gulf. Over six thousand years ago, the waters of these rivers provided the lifeblood that allowed the formation of farming settlements. These grew into villages and then cities. Geography of the Fertile Crescent TAKING NOTES A desert climate dominates the landscape between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea in Southwest Asia. Yet within this dry region lies an arc of land that provided some of the best farming in Southwest Asia. The region’s curved shape and the richness of its land led scholars to call it the Fertile Crescent. It includes the lands facing the Mediterranean Sea and a plain that became known as Mesopotamia (MEHS†¢uh†¢puh†¢TAY†¢mee†¢uh). The word in Greek means â€Å"land between the rivers.† The rivers framing Mesopotamia are the Tigris (TY†¢grihs) and Euphrates (yoo†¢FRAY†¢teez). They flow southeastward to the Persian Gulf. (See the map on page 30.) The Tigris and Euphrates rivers flooded Mesopotamia at least once a year. As the floodwater receded, it left a thick bed of mud called silt. Farmers planted grain in this rich, new soil and irrigated the fields with river water. The results were large quantities of wheat and barley at harvest time. The surpluses from their harvests allowed villages to grow. Identifying Problems and Solutions Use a chart to identify Sumer’s environmental problems and their solutions. Problems Solutions Environmental Challenges People first began to settle and farm the flat, swampy lands in southern Mesopotamia before 4500 B.C. Around 3300 B.C., the people called the Sumerians, whom you read about in Chapter 1, arrived on the scene. Good soil was the advantage that attracted these settlers. However, there were three disadvantages to their new environment. †¢ Unpredictable flooding combined with a period of little or no rain. The land sometimes became almost a desert. †¢ With no natural barriers for protection, a Sumerian village was nearly defenseless. †¢ The natural resources of Sumer were limited. Building materials and other necessary items were scarce. Early River Valley Civilizations 29